List of Category 5 Australian region severe tropical cyclones
Category 5 severe tropical cyclones are tropical cyclones that reach Category 5 intensity on the Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale within the Australian region. They are by definition the strongest tropical cyclones that can form on Earth. A total of 48 recorded tropical cyclones have peaked at Category 5 strength in the Australian region, which is denoted as the part of the Southern Hemisphere between 90°E and 160°E. The earliest tropical cyclone to be classified as a Category 5 severe tropical cyclone was Pam which was classified as a Category 5 between February 3 – 5, 1974, as it moved through the Coral Sea. The latest system to be classified as a Category 5 severe tropical cyclone was Ilsa, which was classified on 13 April 2023 off the coast of Western Australia.
Background[edit]
The Australian region tropical cyclone basin is located to the south of the Equator between 90°E and 160°E and is officially monitored by the Indonesian Badan Meteorologi, Klimatologi, dan Geofisika (BMKG), Australian Bureau of Meteorology and the Papua New Guinea National Weather Service.[1] Other meteorological services such as New Zealand's MetService, Météo-France as well as the Fiji Meteorological Service and the United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center monitor the basin.[1] Within the basin a Category 5 severe tropical cyclone is a tropical cyclone that has 10-minute mean maximum sustained wind speeds over 107 knots (198 km/h; 123 mph) or greater on the Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale.[1][2] A named storm could also be classified as a Category 5 tropical cyclone if it is estimated, to have 1-minute mean maximum sustained wind speeds over 137 knots (254 km/h; 158 mph) on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale.[1][3] Within the basin this scale is not officially used, however, systems are commonly compared to the SSHWS using 1-minute sustained wind speeds from the United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center.[1][4][5] On both scales, a Category 5 tropical cyclone is expected to cause widespread devastation, if it significantly impacts land at or near its peak intensity.[2][3]
20th century[edit]
Name | Duration | Peak intensity | Areas affected | Damage (USD) |
Deaths | Refs | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wind speed | Pressure | ||||||
Trixie | 15–22 February 1975 | 205 km/h (125 mph) | 925 hPa (27.32 inHg) | Western Australia | $3.71 million | None | [6][7] |
Beverley | 27–28 March 1975 | 205 km/h (125 mph) | 929 hPa (27.43 inHg) | Western Australia | >$1 million | [8][9] | |
Joan | 5–7 December 1975 | 215 km/h (130 mph) | 915 hPa (27.02 inHg) | Western Australia | $25 million | None | [10][11] |
Alby | 27 March – 5 April 1978 | 205 km/h (125 mph) | 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) | Western Australia | 10 million | 5 | [12][13][14] |
Amy | 9–10 January 1980 | 215 km/h (130 mph) | 915 hPa (27.02 inHg) | Indonesia, Western Australia | [15] | ||
Dean | 31 January–1 February 1980 | 205 km/h (125 mph) | 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) | Indonesia, Northern Australia | [16] | ||
Enid | 17 February 1980 | 205 km/h (125 mph) | 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) | Western Australia | [17] | ||
Carol | 16–17 December 1980 | 205 km/h (125 mph) | 940 hPa (27.76 inHg) | Indonesia | [18] | ||
Mabel | 18–19 January 1981 | 205 km/h (125 mph) | 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) | Western Australia | [19] | ||
Dominic | 7 April 1982 | 215 km/h (130 mph) | 950 hPa (28.05 inHg) | Northern Australia, New Guinea | [20] | ||
Elinor | 25 February 1983 | 205 km/h (125 mph) | 935 hPa (27.61 inHg) | Queensland | Minor | [21][22] | |
Kathy | 16–24 March 1984 | 220 km/h (140 mph) | 920 hPa (27.17 inHg) | Cape York Peninsula, Northern Territory | $12 million | 1 | [23][24] |
Harry | February 8–19, 1989 | 205 km/h (125 mph) | 925 hPa (27.32 inHg) | Vanuatu, New Caledonia | [25] | ||
Aivu | 31 March – 5 April 1989 | 205 km/h (125 mph) | 935 hPa (27.61 inHg) | Queensland | $90 million | 1 | [26][27] |
Orson | 17–24 April 1989 | 240 km/h (150 mph) | 905 hPa (26.72 inHg) | Western Australia | $16 million | 5 | [28][29] |
Alex | 19–20 March 1990 | 220 km/h (140 mph) | 927 hPa (27.37 inHg) | Indonesia, Christmas Island | [30] | ||
Graham | 5–6 December 1991 | 205 km/h (125 mph) | 915 hPa (27.02 inHg) | Sumatra, Cocos Islands, Christmas Island | [31] | ||
Neville | 9 April 1992 | 205 km/h (125 mph) | 945 hPa (27.91 inHg) | Northern Territory | [32][33] | ||
Rewa | 26 December 1993 - 23 January 1994 | 205 km/h (125 mph) | 920 hPa (27.17 inHg) | New Caledonia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea Queensland, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu |
Unknown | 22 | [34] |
Theodore | 25 February 1994 | 215 km/h (130 mph) | 910 hPa (26.87 inHg) | Solomon Islands, Papua New Guinea Vanuatu, New Caledonia Norfolk Island, New Zealand |
[35] | ||
Chloe | 7 April 1995 | 220 km/h (140 mph) | 920 hPa (27.17 inHg) | Timor, Western Australia | None | None | [36][37] |
Pancho- Helinda |
21–22 January 1997 | 215 km/h (130 mph) | 910 hPa (26.87 inHg) | Sumatra, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Madagascar | [38] | ||
Thelma | 3–15 December 1998 | 220 km/h (140 mph) | 920 hPa (27.17 inHg) | Northern Territory, Western Australia | N/A | 1 | [39] |
Frederic– Evrina |
31 March 1999 | 205 km/h (125 mph) | 920 hPa (27.17 inHg) | None | None | None | [40][41] |
Vance | 16–23 March 1999 | 220 km/h (140 mph) | 910 hPa (26.87 inHg) | Northern Territory, Western Australia | $303 million | None | [42] |
Gwenda | 6 April 1999 | 220 km/h (140 mph) | 900 hPa (26.58 inHg) | Timor, Indonesia, Western Australia | [43] | ||
John | 14 December 1999 | 205 km/h (125 mph) | 915 hPa (27.02 inHg) | Timor, Indonesia, Western Australia | 196 million | None | [44][14] |
21st century[edit]
Name | Duration | Peak intensity | Areas affected | Damage (USD) |
Deaths | Refs | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wind speed | Pressure | ||||||
Paul | 10 – 21 April 2000 | 205 km/h (125 mph) | 915 hPa (27.02 inHg) | None | None | None | [45][46] |
Rosita | 14 – 21 April 2000 | 220 km/h (140 mph) | 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) | Indonesia, Western Australia, Northern Territory | Unknown | Unknown | [47][48] |
Sam | 28 November – 14 December 2000 | 205 km/h (125 mph) | 940 hPa (27.76 inHg) | Northern Territory, Western Australia | Unknown | Unknown | [49][50] |
Chris | 2 – 7 February 2002 | 205 km/h (125 mph) | 915 hPa (27.02 inHg) | Western Australia | Unknown | Unknown | [51][52] |
Inigo | 30 March – 8 April 2003 | 230 km/h (145 mph) | 900 hPa (26.58 inHg) | Eastern Indonesia, Timor, Western Australia | Unknown | Unknown | [53][54] |
Fay | 16 – 28 March 2004 | 215 km/h (130 mph) | 910 hPa (26.87 inHg) | Northern Territory, Timor, Western Australia | Unknown | Unknown | [55][56] |
Ingrid | 4 – 16 March 2005 | 230 km/h (145 mph) | 924 hPa (27.29 inHg) | New Guinea, Northern Australia | Unknown | Unknown | [57][58] |
Glenda | 28–29 March 2006 | 205 km/h (125 mph) | 910 hPa (26.87 inHg) | Northern Territory, Western Australia | Unknown | Unknown | [59][60] |
Monica | 16 - 27 April 2006 | 250 km/h (155 mph) | 916 hPa (27.05 inHg) | New Guinea, Northern Australia | Unknown | Unknown | [61] |
George | 27 February - 12 March 2007 | 205 km/h (125 mph) | 902 hPa (26.64 inHg) | Northern Territory, Western Australia | Unknown | Unknown | [62] |
Hamish | 5 - 12 March 2009 | 215 km/h (130 mph) | 924 hPa (27.29 inHg) | Queensland | Unknown | Unknown | [63] |
Laurence | 8 – 23 December 2009 | 205 km/h (125 mph) | 925 hPa (27.32 inHg) | Northern Territory, Western Australia | Unknown | Unknown | [64] |
Yasi | 31 January – 3 February 2011 | 205 km/h (125 mph) | 929 hPa (27.43 inHg) | Vanuatu, Solomon Islands, Australia | $2.5 billion | 1 | [65][14] |
Gillian | 6 – 27 March 2014 | 220 km/h (140 mph) | 927 hPa (27.37 inHg) | New Guinea, Indonesia, Queensland Northern Territory, Christmas Island |
Unknown | Unknown | [66][67] |
Ita | 5 – 15 April 2014 | 220 km/h (140 mph) | 922 hPa (27.23 inHg) | Solomon Islands, Papua New Guinea, Queensland | Unknown | Unknown | [68] |
Marcia | 15 – 21 February 2015 | 205 km/h (125 mph) | 932 hPa (27.52 inHg) | Queensland, New South Wales | Unknown | Unknown | [69] |
Ernie | 4 – 12 April 2017 | 220 km/h (140 mph) | 924 hPa (27.29 inHg) | None | None | None | [70] |
Marcus | 14 – 25 March 2018 | 250 km/h (155 mph) | 905 hPa (26.72 inHg) | Northern Territory, Western Australia | Unknown | None | [71] |
Veronica | 18 – 28 March 2019 | 215 km/h (130 mph) | 928 hPa (27.40 inHg) | Western Australia | [72] | ||
Niran | 27 February – 6 March 2021 | 205 km/h (125 mph) | 936 hPa (27.64 inHg) | Queensland, New Caledonia | Unknown | Unknown | [73] |
Darian | 13 – 30 December 2022 | 230 km/h (145 mph) | 915 hPa (27.02 inHg) | None | None | None | [74] |
Herman | 28 March – 5 April 2023 | 215 km/h (130 mph) | 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) | None | None | None | [75] |
Ilsa | 6 – 15 April 2023 | 230 km/h (145 mph) | 915 hPa (27.02 inHg) | Indonesia, East Timor, Northern Territory, Western Australia | >$2.7 million | 8 | [76][77][78] |
Jasper | 4 – 13 December 2023 | 215 km/h (130 mph) | 926 hPa (27.34 inHg) | Queensland | |||
Olga | 3 April – 11 April 2024 | 205 km/h (125 mph) | 933 hPa (27.55 inHg) | Lesser Sunda Islands, Western Australia | None | None |
Other systems[edit]
In addition to the 44 tropical cyclones listed above, three other tropical cyclones are considered by the BoM to have been a Category 5 severe tropical cyclone within the Australian region.[79] These are Cyclone Mahina of 1899 and two tropical cyclones that struck Innisfail and Mackay during 1918.[79] Severe tropical cyclones Erica (2003) and Harold (2020) became Category 5 severe tropical cyclones, after they moved out of the Australian region and into the South Pacific basin.[80][citation needed] Severe Tropical Cyclones Fran (1992) and Beni (2003) were Category 5 severe tropical cyclones, before they moved into the Australian region from the South Pacific basin.[81][82] Severe Tropical Cyclone Ului weakened into a Category 4 severe tropical cyclone, as it moved across 160°E into the Australian region.[83]
The BoM estimates that Severe Tropical cyclones Viola–Claudette (1979), Jane–Irna (1992), Daryl–Agnielle (1995), Bruce (2013) and Freddy (2023) peaked as Category 5 severe tropical cyclones, after they had moved out of the Australian region and into the South-West Indian Ocean.[84][85][86]
Operationally Severe Tropical Cyclone Narelle was estimated to have peaked as a category 5 severe tropical cyclone, with 10-minute sustained winds of 205 km/h (125 mph). However, during the post-storm analysis process, it was downgraded to a Category 4 system, with 10-minute sustained winds of 195 km/h (120 mph).[87]
During December 21, 2022 Severe Tropical Cyclone Darian moved into the South-West Indian Ocean as a Category 5 severe tropical cyclone, where it was immediately classified as a Very Intense Tropical Cyclone.
Impacts[edit]
Category 5 severe tropical cyclones are expected to cause widespread devastation if they significantly impact land.[2][3]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
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- ^ a b c Schott, Timothy; Landsea, Christopher; Hafele, Gene; Lorens, Jeffrey; Taylor, Arthur; Thrum, Harvey; Ward, Bill; Willis, Mark; Zaleski, Walt (January 2, 2019). The Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale (PDF) (Report). United States National Hurricane Center. Retrieved June 4, 2019.
- ^ Hoarau, Karl; Chalonge, Ludovic; Pirard, Florence; Peyrusaubes, Daniel (March 2018). "Extreme tropical cyclone activities in the southern Pacific Ocean". International Journal of Climatology. 38 (3): 1409–1420. Bibcode:2018IJCli..38.1409H. doi:10.1002/joc.5254. S2CID 133864648.
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- ^ "2014 Severe Tropical Cyclone Ita (2014092S11159)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
- ^ Severe Tropical Cyclone Marcia (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
- ^ Severe Tropical Cyclone Ernie (PDF) (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. August 2017. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
- ^ Severe Tropical Cyclone Marcus (PDF) (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 9 February 2021. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
- ^ Paterson, Linda A (May 2019). Severe Tropical Cyclone Veronica (PDF) (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 5 June 2022.
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- ^ Boterhoven, Matthew; Prasad, Vikash (7 June 2023). Severe Tropical Cyclone Darian (PDF) (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 31 August 2023.
- ^ Conroy, Adam (22 August 2023). Severe Tropical Cyclone Herman (PDF) (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 31 August 2023.
- ^ Boterhoven, Matthew; Paterson, Linda A (6 June 2023). Severe Tropical Cyclone Ilsa (PDF) (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
- ^ Murphy, Hannah; Barker, Anne; Brann, Matt; Bieundurry, Tallulah (3 May 2023). "Roadhouse at centre of Cyclone Ilsa estimates damage at more than $4 million". The Age. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
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- ^ a b "Cyclone Marcia to make landfall as category 5". Courier Mail. 19 February 2015. Retrieved 29 June 2019.
- ^ "2003 Tropical Cyclone Erica (2003061S21148)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved April 2, 2019.
- ^ "1992 Tropical Cyclone Fran (1992064S10184)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved April 2, 2019.
- ^ "2002 Tropical Cyclone Beni (2003021S10163)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved April 2, 2019.
- ^ "2010 Tropical Cyclone Ului (2010070S15168)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved April 2, 2019.
- ^ 1980 Intense Tropical Cyclone Viola-Claudette (1979343S08093) (Report). International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved April 28, 2020.
- ^ 1992 Very Intense Tropical Cyclone Irna:Jane (1992096S05101) (Report). International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved April 28, 2020.
- ^ "1996 Very Intense Tropical Cyclone Daryl:Agnielle (1995319S05092)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved May 7, 2020.
- ^ Severe Tropical Cyclone Narelle (PDF) (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. January 2016. Retrieved 2 June 2022.